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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2018  |  Volume : 16  |  Issue : 4  |  Page : 322-327

Assessment of compliance with tobacco regulations on ban of advertisements at the point of sale in urban areas of Bengaluru City


Department of Public Health Dentistry, The Oxford Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Date of Submission02-Apr-2018
Date of Acceptance01-Oct-2018
Date of Web Publication29-Nov-2018

Correspondence Address:
Dr. Aishwarya Sampath
10th Milestone, The Oxford Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru - 560 068, Karnataka
India
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_71_18

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  Abstract 

Introduction: Tobacco accounts for the largest number of preventable deaths. Along with creating awareness and educating people regarding the ill effects of tobacco on health, it is necessary to have laws regulating the sales of tobacco and its product. Cigarettes and other tobacco products act give the regulations for it. Aim: The aim of this study was to conduct an audit of the point of sales (POS) tobacco advertising and assess compliance with advertising ban in Bengaluru city. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted over a period of 2 months. Data were collected from stores in urban areas from eight zones of Bengaluru city using multistage random sampling. Four wards were randomly selected from each of the 8 zones, 4 areas were randomly selected from each ward and 10 shops were randomly selected from each area in the ratio of 1 supermarket: 1 liquor store: 3 convenience store: 5 tuck shops. Results: Results indicated that the 93.9% of the existing shops were not within the 100 yards of any educational institute, 75.8% of them had product showcasing, 81.9% of the stores had boards displayed promotional message, 30.6% had tobacco logo at POS, 93.6% of the stores had more than one interior advertisements, 85.25 of the stores had product placement <1 m of snacks counter, 88.2% of the stores did not display warning signage, 88.3% of the stores did not display no smoking signage, and 85.7% of the stores did not display no smoking area or smoking here is an offense. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggested that there is a lack of compliance with tobacco advertising ban among stores selling tobacco in Bengaluru city. POS advertising has become strategic locations for tobacco companies to advertise their brands.

Keywords: Compliance, point of sale, tobacco regulations


How to cite this article:
Shilpashree K B, Sampath A, Krishnamurthy A, Madhusudhan S, Prasad M, Chatterjee S. Assessment of compliance with tobacco regulations on ban of advertisements at the point of sale in urban areas of Bengaluru City. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent 2018;16:322-7

How to cite this URL:
Shilpashree K B, Sampath A, Krishnamurthy A, Madhusudhan S, Prasad M, Chatterjee S. Assessment of compliance with tobacco regulations on ban of advertisements at the point of sale in urban areas of Bengaluru City. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent [serial online] 2018 [cited 2024 Mar 28];16:322-7. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/aphd/pages/default.aspx/text.asp?2018/16/4/322/246362


  Introduction Top


Tobacco is the single largest cause of preventable deaths among adults worldwide and India is no exception. Tobacco was introduced in India by Portuguese traders since 1600 AD and is used widely by both the genders. Currently, India is the second largest producer of tobacco in the world with highest consumption. Tobacco attributes to about 1 million premature deaths among adults every year. The World Health Organization and Centre for Disease Control of tobacco surveillance system used Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS).[1] GYTS is a school-based survey designed to enhance the capacity of countries to monitor tobacco use among youth and guide implementation and evaluation of tobacco prevention and control programs. GYTS report for the year 2009 showed that approximately 15% of India's youth used tobacco in some form or other.[2],[3]

Tobacco control laws aim to eventually eliminate all direct and indirect advertising promotion and sponsorship concerning tobacco. For the prohibition of advertisement and regulation of trade and commerce, production, supply and distribution, the law was established in the year 2003 called “The Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products Act” (COTPA).[4] According to the Section 3 of COTPA prohibits any tobacco promotion and states that no person shall promote or agree to promote the use or consumption of cigarettes or any other tobacco product. National legislation prescribes following provision with which every public place must comply, namely, the display of no smoking signage, absence of active smoking, nonavailability of smoking accessories and aids such as ashtrays, matchboxes, and lighter.

Even though there are laws established, but how far these have been enforced and implemented is a challenge which is faced by people and authorities.[4] Results from the previous studies conducted by other researchers in various cities such as Ahmedabad, Chennai, Moradabad, Vadodara, Mohali, Delhi, and Mumbai showed that the stores complying with the laws for point of sale (POS) in stores on average were <50%.[5],[6],[7],[8],[9],[10] Literature available for the same in Bengaluru city is very limited. Hence, the aim of the present study was to conduct an audit of POS tobacco advertising and assess compliance with the advertising ban in Bengaluru City with the objectives: to assess if there are any violations related to provisions of POS advertisements of tobacco and comprehensive tobacco control legislation in Bengaluru City and to document the number of exterior and interior tobacco advertisements and to survey tobacco product placements within stores.


  Materials and Methods Top


This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted over a period of 3 months that is from the month of January 2017 till the month of March 2017. The ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of The Oxford Dental College (Ref. No. 192/2016–2017).

The urban area of Bengaluru city by Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Pallike standards were divided into eight zones, namely, South, West, East, Bommanahalli, Mahadevpura, Rajarajeshwari, Dasarahalli, and Yelhanka. From each zone, four wards were randomly selected and from each ward, four areas were selected randomly further from each area, 10 shops were selected.

The shops were selected in ratio of 1:1:3:5 (1 supermarket: 1 liquor shops: 3 grocery shops: 5 small shops). This proportion was done based on the pilot study conducted in one area and this area was excluded from the sample. A total of 1280 shops were included in the study [Figure 1].
Figure 1: Selection of stores zone and ward wise

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Data were collected from various stores in Urban area of Bengaluru City using a pretested and validated questionnaire. Multistage random sampling was done. Questionnaire used was formulated from Section 3 and 5 of COTPA.[4] The questionnaire was designed to be filled by thee investigators which contained a total of 8 items, each item contained multiple options and appropriate option pertaining to individual stores was selected. Example: Type of store with options – large stores/supermarket, grocery/convince stores, liquor shops, and small/tuck stores [Annexure 1].[4]


  Results Top


The results showed that 46% of the shops were tuck shops, 28% grocery shops, 14% were liquor shops, and 12% were supermarkets. Shops located in the residential areas were 48.1%, 47.8% of the shops were in commercial areas, and only 4.6% were located in the industrial areas. Stores selling loose cigarettes accounted around 80%, whereas 64.9% were selling beedis, chewable/smokeless type of tobacco and only 47.7% were selling cigarettes in packets [Figure 2].
Figure 2: Types of sale of tobacco products

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Section 6 (b) of COTPA states the prohibition of cigarettes and other tobacco products in the area within 100 yards of any educational institutions and the compliance regarding the same was seen in 93.9% of the shops.

There were various kinds of advertisements such as signage, boards, and product showcasing. About 75.8% of the stores had product showcasing, 50.2% of them had board display, while 4.1% of the stores had product dangles. The shops which had boards as display 57.6% of them did not have brand logo while 42.4% of the boards had brand logo of which 89.3% of the boards were displaying brand names and 10.7% of them did not have a brand name.

Shops that had promotional messages on their boards were 81.1%, while 79.4% of the boards had advertisements extending to the full board, 30.6% of the shops had exterior logo at the POS, and 82.8% of these shops had more than one exterior advertisement. Stores with interior advertisements [Figure 3].
Figure 3: Number of advertisements within and outside the shops

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The stores that did not display the warning signage in an Indian language as applicable and warning signs occupying the top edge of the board in a prominent manner were 88.2%. Only 24.2% of the stores displayed “Tobacco causes cancer.” Only 18.5% of the stores displayed “Tobacco kills”. Only 10.6% of the stores displayed health warning signage at the entrance to public places, only 7% of the stores displayed health warning signage at conspicuous places inside. The stores that did not display the warning of “no smoking area-smoking here is an offense” were 85.7% and 88.6% of the stores did not display the in-charge person. Product display within stores is shown in [Figure 4].
Figure 4: Tobacco products and its placement in vicinity of snacks counter and cash register

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  Discussion Top


The results showed that 46% of the shops were tuck shops, 28% grocery shops, 14% were liquor shops, and 12% were supermarkets. Of these, 48.1% were located in the residential areas, 47.8% of the shops were in commercial areas, and only 4.6% were located in the industrial areas. Stores selling loose cigarettes accounted around 80%, 64.9% were selling beedis and chewable/smokeless type of tobacco, and only 47.7% were selling cigarettes in packets and in a study done by Pimple et al., the results showed that 51.3% of tobacco outlets had visible stacking and open display of tobacco products for sale and 41% of tobacco outlets were found displaying gutka and pan masala packets in violation to ban.[7]

Section 6 (b) of COTPA states the prohibition of cigarettes and other tobacco products in the area within 100 yards of any educational institutions. The results of our study showed that only 6.1% of the shops were not complying, which was very less in comparison to the studies conducted by Yadav et al. and Elf et al. where it was 27% and 87% respectively.[8],[9]

This result in the present study was seen because of the strict regulations of the law and making tobacco vendors comply with the law. There are various kinds of advertisements such as signage, boards, and product showcasing. About 75.8% of the stores had product showcasing, 50.2% of them had board display while, and 4.1% of the stores had product dangles which was in accordance to a study done by Goel et al. (2014) where 51.1% of the shops had product showcasing, 49.6% of the shops had dangles, 33.8% had stickers, and 27.1% of the shops had display boards.[6]

The shops which had boards as display 57.6% of them did not have brand logo while 42.4% of the boards had brand logo of which 89.3% of the boards were displaying brand names and 10.7% of them did not have a brand name. Shops that had promotional messages on their boards were 81.1%, while 79.4% of the boards have advertisements extending to the full board, 30.6% of the shops had exterior logo at POS, and 82.8% of these shops had more than one exterior advertisement and according to a study done by Pimple et al., a 43.2% of the stores exhibited hoardings with brand packs, photos, and brand names in violation to Section 5 of COTPA.[7]

The stores those displayed of 1–2 interior advertisements were 55.6%, 93.6% of the stores displayed interior advertisement of more than 1, and 92.5% of the stores displayed interior advertisement of more than 3 and according to a study done by Pimple et al., there were 48.6% tobacco outlets exhibited more than two display boards.[7]

Product display was <1 m of the chocolates/snacks/sweets counter in 85.2% of the stores and product display was <1 m of the cash register in 93.9% of the shops and was in accordance to a study done by Goel et al. (2014) in which 57.7% of the shops had display within the 6 inches of eatables.

The stores that did not display the warning signage in an Indian language as applicable and warning signs occupying the top edge of the board in a prominent manner were 88.2%. Only 24.2% of the stores display “Tobacco causes cancer,” and the results were similar to a study conducted by Pimple et al. where it was seen that only 25.2% of the places with POS had display of health warning signage.[7]

Only 18.5% of the stores display “Tobacco kills.” Only 10.6% of the stores displayed health warning signage at the entrance to public places, only 7% of the stores displayed health warning signage at conspicuous places inside according to a study done by Goel et al. (2014) where it was seen that <50% of the places had signage boards with health warning and they were placed at conspicuous places.[6]

The stores that did not display the warning of “no smoking area-smoking here is an offense” were 85.7% and 88.6% of the stores did not display the in-charge person. In the present study, it was seen that 50.2% of the shops had boards as display and was seen that in a study done by Goel et al. and Chaudhry S et al. ( 2007) tobacco advertisement boards fully satisfying the POS provision were practically nonexistent.

The most common violation of POS advertisements was the larger size of the board but with tobacco advertisement equal to the size indicated in the legislation and remaining area often showing a picture. Invariably, two boards were placed together to provide the impression of a large single repetitive advertisement. Tobacco advertisement boards were also observed on closed shops/warehouses, shops not selling tobacco products, and on several adjacent shops.[6],[11]

As there is no database available regarding the registration of all the shops selling any form of tobacco, it is difficult to access all the shops for compliance, hence is a limitation of the present study.


  Conclusion and Recommendations Top


The results suggest a lack of compliance with tobacco advertising ban among stores selling tobacco in Bengaluru city. POS advertising has become a strategic location for tobacco companies to advertise their brands. Tobacco advertisements make quitting very difficult. Tobacco industry uses innovative tactics to circumvent the law, especially so when there is partial ban backed by limited enforcement. Tobacco products and advertisements are often placed near candies and children's items at the front of the store and countertops – encouraging children to see them as harmless everyday items. Tobacco products often occupy large and prominent display space in stores and are strategically designed to encourage impulse purchasing and promote certain brands while making health warnings less visible. The loopholes in the specifications for the boards make the size permitted by law meaningless and defy the purpose of putting health warning on the board. In this study, it was seen that maximum compliance was seen when it came to placement of stores selling tobacco within the 100 yards of an educational institute and it was owing to the fact that there was strict patrolling closing down the shops and restricting it from opening again.

Considering the impact of POS advertisement and promotion on increased smoking/tobacco initiation and use, there is an urgent need of effective implementation of comprehensive ban on advertisements at POS. To regulate the business of tobacco selling and ensuring that tobacco vendors comply with the provisions of COTPA, there must be a mechanism for compulsory registration and licensing as done by excise department in regulating liquor in India.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.


  Annexure 1-Questionnaire Top


Surveillance of compliance with tobacco regulations on ban of advertisements at the point of sale in Bengaluru rural and urban areas

Zone: Area: Ward No.:

  1. Store type


    • Large store and supermarket
    • Grocery or convenience store/bakery
    • Liquor shop
    • Small shop/tuck shop


  2. Neighborhood description


    • Commercial
    • Residential
    • Industrial


  3. Sales


    • Loose cigarette
    • Cigarette packets
    • Beedis, chewable/smokeless type


  4. School visible from outlet Yes/No
  5. Type of advertisements


    • Boards
    • Posters
    • Banners
    • Stickers
    • Dangles
    • Product showing
    • Others




    • Advertisement boards


      • Boards displayed brand logo Yes/No
      • Boards displayed brand name Yes/No
      • Boards displayed promotional message Yes/No
      • Advertisements extended to full board Yes/No
      • Main exterior store sign contains tobacco logo at the point of sale advertising Yes/No
      • Store with >1 exterior ad (s) Yes/No
      • Stores with interior ads 1-2 Yes/No
      • Stores with interior ads >3 Yes/No
      • Stores with exterior and interior ads ≥1 Yes/No


    • Product placement within stores


      • Tobacco products less than one meter of chocolates/snacks/sweets. Yes/No
      • Tobacco products less than one meter of cash register. Yes/No


    • Warning signage displayed at main entrance and conspicuous places


      1. Signage complies with the law


        • Each board should contain in an Indian language as applicable, one of the following warning occupying the top edge of the board in a prominent manner measuring 20 cms by 15 cms. Yes/No
        • Tobacco causes cancer Yes/No
        • Tobacco kills Yes/No


      2. Health warning signage


        • At entrance to public place Yes/No
        • All conspicuous places inside Yes/No
        • Staircase and entrance to the lift at each floor Yes/No


      3. Circle of not less than 15 cms outer diameter with red perimeter of not less than 3 cm wide with the picture, in the center of the cigarette or bidi with black and crossed by a red band Yes/No


      4. The width of the red band across the cigarette shall equal width of the perimeter Yes/No


      5. The board shall not contain the warning “no smoking area-smoking here is an offence”, in English or one Indian language, as applicable Yes/No


      6. Name, designation and contact number of in-charge person should be mentioned below the signage (minimize size of 60 cm by 15 cm of white background) Yes/No.


 
  References Top

1.
Available from: http://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/gyts/en. [Last accessed on 2018 Jan 24].  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Available from: http://www.searo.who.int/entity/noncommunicable_diseases/data/ind_gyts_fs_2009. [Last accessed on 2018 Jan 24].  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Available from: http://www.searo.who.int/entity/noncommunicable_diseases/data/ind_gats_report_2009_2010. [Last accessed on 2018 Jan 24].  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products (Prohibition of Advertisement and Regulation of Trade and Commerce, Product, Supply and Distribution) Act-2003, Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India; 2003.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Goel S, Kumar R, Lal P, Sharma D, Singh RJ. Refining compliance surveys to measure the smokefree status of jurisdictions using the Delphi method. Public Health Action 2013;3:342-5.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Goel S, Kumar R, Lal P, Tripathi J, Singh RJ, Rathinam A, et al. How compliant are tobacco vendors to India's tobacco control legislation on ban of advertisments at point of sale? A three jurisdictions review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014;15:10637-42.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Pimple S, Gunjal S, Mishra GA, Pednekar MS, Majmudar P, Shastri SS, et al. Compliance to Gutka ban and other provisons of COTPA in Mumbai. Indian J Cancer 2014;51 Suppl 1:S60-6.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Yadav R, Swasticharan L, Garg R. Compliance of specific provisions of tobacco control law around educational institutions in Delhi, India. Int J Prev Med 2017;8:62.  Back to cited text no. 8
[PUBMED]  [Full text]  
9.
Elf JL, Modi B, Stillman F, Dave P, Apelberg B. Tobacco sales and marketing within 100 yards of schools in Ahmedabad city, India. Public Health 2013;127:442-8.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Mistry R, Pimple S, Mishra G, Gupta PC, Pednekar M, Ranz-Schleifer N, et al. Compliance with point-of-sale tobacco control policies in school-adjacent neighborhoods in Mumbai, India. Am J Health Promot 2016;30:433-40.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Chaudhry S, Chaudhry S, Chaudhry K. Point of sale tobacco advertisements in India. Indian J Cancer 2007;44:131-6.  Back to cited text no. 11
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