Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry

ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Year
: 2017  |  Volume : 15  |  Issue : 4  |  Page : 348--353

Geographic information system and index of orthodontic treatment need: Tools to assess orthodontic treatment needs of 12-year-old children of Mysuru District


Bhagyalakshmi Avinash1, BM Shivalinga1, S Balasubramanian2, M Ravikumar3, Suma Shekar1, BR Chandrashekar4, BS Avinash5,  
1 Department of Orthodontics, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS University, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
2 Director, Research, JSS University, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
3 Department of Geoinformatics, JSS University, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
4 Department of Public Health Dentistry, JSS University, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
5 Department of Periodontology, JSS University, Mysuru, Karnataka, India

Correspondence Address:
Dr. Bhagyalakshmi Avinash
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS University, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagarar, Mysuru - 570 015, Karnataka
India

Abstract

Introduction: The various research studies conducted in India have shown the prevalence of malocclusion ranging from 20% to 55%. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the orthodontic treatment need of school going children of Mysuru district and to assess the perceptive need of orthodontic treatment using mapping of malocclusion. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive survey was conducted among 12-year-old schoolgoing children of Mysuru district. The orthodontic need has been assessed with the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), and the mapping of malocclusion has been done with the use ArcGIS software version 9.3. With SPSS Version 16, frequency, descriptive, cross-tabulations (Contingency table analysis), and Chi-square test have been applied. Results: Among 409 boys, 163 (39.9%) had a little need, whereas 125 (30.6%) had a moderate need and 121 (29.6%) had a definite need for orthodontic treatment. Among 436 girls, 190 (43.6%) had little, whereas 122 (28%) had moderate need and 124 (28.4%) had definite need for orthodontic treatment (P = 0.53). Moreover, the overall perceptive need for orthodontic treatment need was only 35.6%. Conclusion: The prevalence of malocclusion in the studied sample is 58.2%. There is a general lack of awareness regarding orthodontic treatment as assessed by esthetic component of IOTN index. This study also found that Geographic Information System is a valuable tool for mapping of malocclusion and thus must be considered for studies related to public health.



How to cite this article:
Avinash B, Shivalinga B M, Balasubramanian S, Ravikumar M, Shekar S, Chandrashekar B R, Avinash B S. Geographic information system and index of orthodontic treatment need: Tools to assess orthodontic treatment needs of 12-year-old children of Mysuru District.J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent 2017;15:348-353


How to cite this URL:
Avinash B, Shivalinga B M, Balasubramanian S, Ravikumar M, Shekar S, Chandrashekar B R, Avinash B S. Geographic information system and index of orthodontic treatment need: Tools to assess orthodontic treatment needs of 12-year-old children of Mysuru District. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent [serial online] 2017 [cited 2024 Mar 29 ];15:348-353
Available from: https://journals.lww.com/aphd/pages/default.aspx/text.asp?2017/15/4/348/220711


Full Text

 Introduction



Malocclusion is a common oral finding. It is nothing but a misalignment or incorrect relation between the teeth of the two dental arches when they approach each other as the jaws close. As malocclusion is the most common oral health problem along with dental caries, gingivitis, and dental fluorosis,[1] its assessment and aids to correct it is a public health concern. A severe form of malocclusion is known to cause disability and discomfort in oral functions, and its milder form is known to cause esthetic discomfort. Not only are these but malocclusion also makes a person social handicap by causing psychological disturbances.[2],[3] Hence, there is a need to address the problem globally.

Prevalence of malocclusion – Indian scenario

Various epidemiological studies have been done to study the malocclusion status. Following are some of the states, wherein the epidemiological data about malocclusion is available. According to the studies done in Himachal Pradesh,[4] 53% of the sample had malocclusion. Studies on Rajasthan [5] reports 66.7%. Studies done by Muppa et al.[6] on Andhra Pradesh population reveals 14.3% with Class I, 9.95% with Class II, and 5.33% with Class III. Kerala population showed 49.2%.[7] Tamil Nadu [8] reports 62.5% malocclusion.

In North part of India, Delhi [9] reports 91.6% Class I, 4.6% Class II, and 3.4% Class III, Madhya Pradesh [10] 14.4%, Haryana [11] 55.3%, and Chattisgarh [12],[13] showed 25% with severe malocclusion.

In Karnataka,[14] the latest study reported 32.8% of malocclusion.

A brief note on geographic information system

A geographic information system (GIS) is a system which is designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographical data. One of the major uses of GIS is its use as a community assessment tool. GIS helps to reveal the direct correlation between geographic location and health. GIS highlights community assets and displays spatial patterns. Maps produced from GIS data can be used to depict relationship and significant locations of interest within a community. GIS maps present user-friendly presentations, thereby helping the community-based organization understand community data to make evidence-based decisions for proper planning. GIS technology is a powerful aid for public health profession as it provides data which can be used to communicate important facts about the community. Furthermore, GIS ties health to where people live.

The objectives of the study were to assess the severity and awareness of malocclusion in 12-year-old schoolgoing children of Mysuru district and to map the normative and perceptive orthodontic treatment need through GIS software technology.

 Materials and Methods



A cross-sectional descriptive survey was planned in the school children of 12-year-old in Mysuru district. Prior permission to conduct the survey was taken from the Deputy Director of Public Instructions (DDPI) and also from the concerned school authorities. The survey protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board. Informed consent and informed assent were obtained from the parents of the child and to the child, respectively.

Government school, private aided and unaided schools in the four taluks of Mysuru district were considered. The sample size was determined using sample size formula for the prevalence study. Considering the previous studies on Karnataka population,[14] the prevalence rate was fixed at 40%, and relative precision was 0.12. The sample size obtained was 845 participants. Two-stage sampling was planned out. In the first stage of sampling, four taluks (out of 7 taluks) were selected using simple random sampling by lottery method (Mysuru, Nanjangud, Hunsur, and T. Narasipura). In the second stage, from each Taluk, 16 schools were selected randomly by lottery method (schools list provided by DDPI) to include 845 participants. In each school, children in the age group of 12 years were chosen using the class attendance register. Children of 12-year-old in the sampled schools were included, and children with the history of previous orthodontic treatment, rampant caries, and any other craniofacial anomalies and syndromes were excluded from this study.

The Dental Health Component (DHC) of the Modified Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) with grades varying from little/no need, moderate need, and definite need was used to assess the normative orthodontic treatment need. The esthetic component (AC) of the IOTN index was used to know the perceived orthodontic treatment need (awareness regarding orthodontic treatment).

A single orthodontist carried out the examination using Type III examination as recommended by the American Dental Association, which includes inspection using a mirror and a probe, done under good illumination was conducted.[15] The examination was performed under natural light in the school premises using disposable gloves, mouth mirrors. A periodontal probe was used for millimeter measurement. Sufficient number of autoclaved instruments was carried to the examination site to avoid the interruption during the study. To ascertain the prevalence of malocclusion among schoolgoing children of Mysuru district with an objective to estimate the prevalence of malocclusion and to ascertain the IOTN index among the participants, we followed Brook and Shaw 1989 methodology and the same was adopted for participants (845 participants) in its modified version.[16] For each of these two assessment tools, IOTN DHC and IOTN AC, patients were categorized into three groups as having little/no orthodontic treatment need (IOTN DHC: 1–2 and IOTN AC: 1–3), moderate orthodontic treatment need (IOTN DHC: 3 and IOTN AC: 4–6), and definite orthodontic treatment need (IOTN DHC: 4–5 and IOTN AC: 7–10).

Data were entered into SPSS Windows version 16. Frequency, descriptive, cross-tabulations (contingency table analysis), and Chi-square test were applied.

Geographic information system mapping

The baseline map was created for Mysuru district and taluks of Mysuru, Hunsur, Nanjangud, and T. Narsipura. The individual taluk maps and the district map were merged together to create the overall study area map. The information on normative orthodontic treatment need and perceptive orthodontic treatment need for each taluk and for Mysuru district was incorporated into the baseline map, and the maps depicting the differences in the normative orthodontic treatment need and perceptive orthodontic treatment need for each taluk and Mysuru district was created using ArcGIS software version 9.3.

 Results



The malocclusion/IOTN classification reveals that among 409 boys, 163 (39.9%) had little need for orthodontic treatment, whereas 125 (30.6%) had a moderate need and 121 (29.6%) had a definite need for orthodontic treatment. Among 436 girls, 190 (43.6%) had little need for orthodontic treatment, whereas 122 (28%) had a moderate need and 124 (28.4%) had a definite need for the orthodontic treatment. There was no statistically significant difference with regard to orthodontic treatment need between boys and girls (P = 0.53) [Table 1]. Mapping for the prevalence has been shown in the [Map 1],[Map 2],[Map 3],[Map 4],[Map 5].{Table 1}[INLINE:1][INLINE:2][INLINE:3][INLINE:4][INLINE:5]

Regarding the awareness about orthodontic treatment need in Mysuru district, among 409 boys, 252 (61.6%) had little need for orthodontic treatment while 108 (26.4%) had a moderate need and 49 (12%) had a definite need for orthodontic treatment. Among 436 girls, 292 (67%) had little need for orthodontic treatment while 82 (18.8%) had a moderate need and 62 (14.2%) had a definite need for orthodontic treatment. The gender distribution of participants with regard to ACs of IOTN was statistically significant (P = 0.03) with the higher definite need for orthodontic treatment among girls compared to boys. This was evident even when a separate comparison was made among participants from Nanjangud Taluk (P = 0.01) with no significant difference between the genders in Mysuru Taluk (P = 0.44), Hunsur Taluk (P = 0.77), and T. Narsipur Taluk (0.51) [Table 2]. Mapping for awareness has been shown in the [Map 6],[Map 7],[Map 8],[Map 9],[Map 10].{Table 2}[INLINE:6][INLINE:7][INLINE:8][INLINE:9][INLINE:10]

 Discussion



The epidemiologic determination of a disease is the first step in public health endeavors. A review conducted on malocclusion studies in India revealed wide variation in the prevalence, which can be attributed to lack of uniformity in data collection and variations in the indices used for assessing the severity of malocclusion. The prevalence of malocclusion had been found to vary with the different population, race, and origin. Children of 12 years age have a good capacity to remember, retrieve, and apply information related to specific events and experience. The present study was planned and designed to assess the normative and perceived orthodontic treatment need of 12-year-old schoolgoing children in Mysuru district.

In the present study, 58.2% of the participants were in need of orthodontic treatment (moderate need 29.2% + definite need of 29%). A similar study in Travancore population [17] reported 53.3% in need of orthodontic treatment. However, studies done by Singh et al.,[18] Narayanan et al.[19] showed 68.4% and 83.8% in need of orthodontic therapy. This difference could because the latter studies were done on the higher age range participants. Furthermore, since the latter studies are done on participants in Himachal Pradesh and Kerala, there might be racial differences.

On the contrary, studies were done on Japanese population,[20] Iranian population,[21] and American population [22] showed an even higher percentage of malocclusion. The greater percentages of malocclusion from these studies may be due to racial variations, different age of the sample, genetic predisposition, differences in lifestyle, and variation in growth and facial skeleton.

In the present study, boys had a higher need for orthodontic treatment (60.2%) as compared to girls (56.4%). However, this was not statistically significant (P = 0.53, [Table 2]). Similar results were obtained in the studies done by Otuyemi et al.,[23] Onyeasi et al., and Sanu et al.[24],[25] However, this contrasts the finding of Rashida et al.[26] on Malaysian children, Naveen Kumar et al.[27] on Davangere children. This difference could be due to variation in the dentofacial morphology for boys and girls globally. Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences in relation to gender in each taluk.

Assessment of awareness about orthodontic treatment need is complex and difficult as self-assessment of perceptive orthodontic treatment need depends on the knowledge and understanding every child has within him/her. Only 35.6% (moderate need of 22.5%, the definite need of 13.1%) of the participants felt that they are in need of orthodontic treatment. This means that the participants prefer to get orthodontic treatment, not because of functional concerns or to prevent the loss of tissues within the oral cavity but because of the consequences of the esthetic impairment caused by malocclusion. The inconsistencies highlighted between the child's perception and normative needs in our study are supported by the findings of de Oliveira and Sheiham [28] and de Oliveira et al.[29] The explanation for this could be that some children have remarkable levels of concerns for minor discrepancy, whereas others are more tolerant of major occlusal problems. The finding of this study is in accordance with the studies were done by Al-Sarheed et al., Kerosuo et al., Kok et al., and Ghijselings et al.,[30],[31],[32],[33] but contrary to the study done by Onyeaso and BeGole [34] whose study found a higher percentage of perceptive need among their participants, that is, 81.7%. This difference might be because of the inclusion of wide age range of the participants (12–18 years). The study found that girls were more aware regarding orthodontic treatment and this was statistically significant. This is in accordance with the study done by Jung.[35]

 Conclusion



The prevalence of malocclusion in Mysuru district was 58.2%, and the awareness regarding the same was only 35.6%. We also found that GIS technology is a useful aid in the accurate location of the problem area. Through GIS technology, it is possible to localize the malocclusion, and thereby it helps identify the treatment needs based on the severity of the malocclusion.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

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